Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fumihiko Isada Author-Name-First: Fumihiko Author-Name-Last: Isada Author-Email: isada@kansai-u.ac.jp Author-Workplace-Name: Kansai University Title: The impact of inter-organisational network structures on research outcomes for artificial intelligence technologies Abstract: The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the impact of inter-organizational network structures, such as alliances, on the research outcomes of artificial intelligence technologies during the adoption and diffusion phases of their lifecycle. The optimal inter-organizational network structure varies depending on the characteristics of the technology, industry and product. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is rapidly being put to practical use, especially in the last few years, in a wide range of business domains, due to improvements in hardware performance and the increasing collection and use of big data. In collecting and using big data, collaboration among multiple organizations can be more advantageous than activities by a single organization, and the relationships among organizations are thought to have an impact on the expansion of research results. Nevertheless, the optimal structure of inter-organisational relations is thought to be influenced by the characteristics of the industry and products that use artificial intelligence technology, so we collected actual cases and carried out exploratory analysis. As a research method, we collected information about the cooperation between organizations related to artificial intelligence from press releases and newspaper articles, and analyzed the network structure between the organizations by supporting the method of social network analysis. The number of registered patents on artificial intelligence was used as an index of the research results. As a result of the statistical analysis, the research results of the organizations with weak network ties were large, mainly in the basic technology area. On the other hand, in the practical technology, there were some areas where the strong network of ties led to high research results. Classification-JEL: L14, O32, M15 Keywords: Networks, Open Innovation, Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, IT Management, Firm Organization and Market Structure Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 1-18 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116998 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116998?download=1 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emilie Jasova Author-Name-First: Emilie Author-Name-Last: Jasova Author-Email: ekonomka_2@hotmail.com Author-Workplace-Name: University of Finance and Administration Prague Author-Name: Bozena Kaderabkova Author-Name-First: Bozena Author-Name-Last: Kaderabkova Author-Email: kaderabb@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Economics and Business Title: The effectiveness of government measures in the first wave of Covid-19 pandemic Abstract: The aim of the article is to use empirical analysis to confirm the applicability of NAIRU and NARRU concepts to evaluate the adequacy of measures against Covid 19. While higher NAIRU than NARRU throughout the coronavirus pandemic period confirmed the achievement of an epidemic-economic balance in the labor market at the cost of spreading the epidemic, a lower positive unemployment gap in the NAIRU concept indicated a milder recession than the epidemic in society would require. The Czech government should have either introduced a stricter lockdown or should have provided enough respirators, tests, and vaccines. The application of the NAIRU concept also confirms its suitability for use in economic and political practice in an unstable period. Classification-JEL: E24, E32, E37 Keywords: Phillips curve, NAIRU, NARRU, economic cycle Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 19-36 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116995 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116995?download=2 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:19-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Karel Author-Name-First: Tomáš Author-Name-Last: Karel Author-Email: tomas.karel@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Business and Economics, Czech Republic Author-Name: Petr Mazouch Author-Name-First: Petr Author-Name-Last: Mazouch Author-Email: mazouchp@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Business and Economics, Czech Republic Author-Name: Jakub Fischer Author-Name-First: Jakub Author-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Email: jakub.fischer@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Business and Economics, Czech Republic Title: The economic impact of false positivity of COVID-19 PCR testing in the Czech Republic Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire world, causing significant losses to the world's population's health, lives, and economic levels. The process of testing using RT-PCR tests also had other serious economic impacts. The testing process also sometimes results in erroneous results. One of them is false positivity. This article uses the Bayesian approach which estimates the economic impacts of false-positive results. The Bayesian approach takes into account a prior probability distribution depending on the prevalence of the disease in the population. False-positive results can be minimized by retesting positive persons who have no clinical symptoms of COVID-19. The costs of retesting these people are significantly lower than those associated with isolating them and quarantining their contacts. Classification-JEL: C11, C19, I10 Keywords: Bayesian statistics, Macroeconomics, COVID-19, RT-PCR, False-positivity Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 37-46 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117019 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117019?download=3 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:37-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Krulický Author-Name-First: Tomáš Author-Name-Last: Krulický Author-Email: krulicky@mail.vstecb.cz Author-Workplace-Name: School of Expertness and Valuation, Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice Author-Name: Thomas Schmallowsky Author-Name-First: Thomas Author-Name-Last: Schmallowsky Author-Email: krulicky@mail.vstecb.cz Author-Workplace-Name: NBS Northern Business School Title: Tax systems and their differences in use in selected countries, digitalization of a tax system Abstract: The article deals with taxes related to the real estate market. It presents the differences between the Czech and German tax systems described by Czech and foreign authors dealing with this or similar issues. The article also includes the authors' comments on tax sustainability and the connection of digitalization with the tax system and its impact on the real estate market in selected countries, more precisely in the Czech Republic and Germany. The authors of the article also discuss valuation methods, real estate acquisition tax, real estate tax and sales tax. They look at these topics from their own perspective and from the perspective of foreign and Czech authors. Specific examples of selected real estate, more specifically from the Hamburg area, are given in the article. Classification-JEL: H21, K11, G32 Keywords: tax system, real estate taxes, sale of real estate, difference between Czech and German tax system, valuation of real estate. Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 47-67 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117015 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117015?download=4 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:47-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiri Rotschedl Author-Name-First: Jiri Author-Name-Last: Rotschedl Author-Email: jiri@rotschedl.com Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Economics and Business Title: Study of Intertemporal Discounting According to Income Group, Savings, and Loans Abstract: The paper deals with the issue of intertemporal discounting from the perspective of income groups, savings, financial reserves, and loans. The study included a total of 599 individuals with an average age of 38.3 years (min. 16 and max. 82 years) who answered classical questions focused on time discounting and impulsive behaviour. In total, four possible scenarios were analysed: a small reward (CZK 100) with a delay of 1 day, a small reward with a delay of 1 month, a large reward (CZK 100,000) with a delay of 1 day and a large reward with a delay of 1 month. The delayed reward was always increased by 10% (i.e., CZK 110 or CZK 110,000). Using the three hypotheses, the analyses confirm that individuals with extremely low incomes have savings only in 26.4% of the cases, while individuals with the highest incomes have savings in 92.2% of the cases (p=0.0000). Furthermore, it was revealed that individuals with savings are approximately 1.7 times more likely to have higher patience than individuals without savings. Individuals with a financial reserve are approximately 1.9 times more likely to have higher patience than individuals without a reserve. Finally, individuals with no debt are 1.6 times more likely to have higher patience than individuals with debt. The paper also complements the conclusions with three reserve bands of subjective discount rates for the examined groups of individuals. The results have implications for the financial management of individuals and thus for defining the risk of poverty. Classification-JEL: D19, D90 Keywords: Savings, Loans, Subjective Discount Rates, low income, Intertemporal discounting, Time Delay Discounting, Decision Making, Delayed Reward. Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 68-84 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117020 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117020?download=5 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:68-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anirudh Srivastava Author-Name-First: Anirudh Author-Name-Last: Srivastava Author-Email: sria00@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Business and Economics Author-Name: Pavel ?ežábek Author-Name-First: Pavel Author-Name-Last: ?ežábek Author-Email: pavel.rezabek@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Prague University of Business and Economics Title: Impact of Digital Payments on the Economic growth of a country- A case of the Czech Republic Abstract: The way we pay has been evolving over a large period now with the slow fade out of paper money the digital system of payments is seen to pique the interests of consumers, institutions, and businesses. It is simply due to the more efficient features it displays over fiat money and this is what the paper tries to identify if whether there exists an impact of these digital payments over the economy of the Czech Republic by carrying out a linear and multiple regression employing selected indicators from 2015 to 2020. To test for heteroscedasticity in the obtained regression models the Breusch pagan test was employed. The results showed us that there does exist an impact of these digital payments but not enough that a switch or larger usage be employed to such a payment system this could also be due to the insufficient transactional value data available for such digital payments the access to more data can also allow to recognize the real demand of digital payment products by consumer which will enable more supply of digital payment system and providers, thus more wide-ranging research with more digital payment inclusive data could be carried out to identify the real impact of these payment systems over an economy. Classification-JEL: O33, O31, O40 Keywords: Cash, Cashless payment systems, Economic Impact, Technological Innovation, Research and Development. Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 85-104 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117017 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117017?download=6 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:85-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ond?ej Venhoda Author-Name-First: Ond?ej Author-Name-Last: Venhoda Author-Email: ondrej.venhoda@centrum.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Raiffeisenbank, a.s. Title: Application of DSTI and DTI macroprudential policy limits to the mortgage market in the Czech Republic for the year 2022 Abstract: This paper deals with selected instruments of macroprudential policy, the determinant of which is the amount of the monthly net income of the mortgage applicant. In November 2021, Czech National Bank reintroduced maximum DSTI as debt service indicators and DTI as income indicators with the view to the progress of real estate market in the Czech Republic. The paperdiscusses which of the limits will be more decisive for mortgage applicants in the conditions of rising mortgage interest rates in 2022 after the repeated increase in the base rate by the Czech National Bank. We will find out for which interest rate the DSTI or DTI is more important and which of the limits will be entirely irrelevant for almost all mortgage applicants in 2022, even with regard to age according to the legal conditions. Classification-JEL: E58, G21 Keywords: Macroprudential policy, debt service to income, debt to income, loan to value, mortgage loans, real estate, Czech National Bank Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 105-116 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117016 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117016?download=7 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:105-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adéla Zubíková Author-Name-First: Adéla Author-Name-Last: Zubíková Author-Email: adela.zubikova@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, Prague University of Economics and Business Author-Name: Pavel Smolák Author-Name-First: Pavel Author-Name-Last: Smolák Author-Email: pavel.smolak@vse.cz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, Prague University of Economics and Business Title: Macroeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic in the period of 2020-2021 Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive summary of selected macroeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic, including an assessment of certain implemented fiscal and monetary policies, using data from 2019 (to compare the development of the economic situation during the COVID-19 pandemic with the period before the onset of the pandemic), 2020 and 2021 on a monthly or quarterly basis. Particular attention is paid to monetary policy effects, which, unlike fiscal policy, the Mundell-Fleming model considers effective in a small open economy with a freely floating exchange rate. The article also investigates the volume of fiscal measures taken to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic effects, the restrictive measures introduced to Czech households and firms as well as labour market developments during the period of 2019-2021, including quantification of the aggregate labour productivity index. The conclusions of the article are that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic acted in accordance with the established partial hypotheses of the Mundell-Fleming model and in accordance with the hypothesis of the modified Phillips curve. Possible causes of the significant increase in inflation since September 2021 include 2020 nominal public and private sector salary growth, which showed faster growth than aggregate labour productivity, and the highly expansionary fiscal policy that characterized the 2021 pre-election period. Classification-JEL: E52, J01, H50 Keywords: macroeconomic policy, monetary policy, aggregate labor productivity, labour market data, public expenditure, Phillips Curve, crisis management, Czech Republic, COVID-19 pandemic, Mundell-Fleming model Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 117-145 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117021 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf117021?download=8 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:117-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleksandra ?uczak Author-Name-First: Aleksandra Author-Name-Last: ?uczak Author-Email: aleksandra.luczak@up.poznan.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Pozna? University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economics Author-Name: S?awomir Kalinowski Author-Name-First: S?awomir Author-Name-Last: Kalinowski Author-Email: skalinowski@irwirpan.waw.pl Author-Workplace-Name: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Rural and Agricultural Development Title: A multidimensional comparative analysis of poverty statuses in European Union countries Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to compare the poverty statuses of European Union countries in 2010 and 2018. The specific purpose is to assess levels of poverty and material deprivation for EU countries. The study relied on the positional TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) approach. With these methods, it is possible to determine the poverty statuses: persistent conspicuous poverty, poverty without serious material deprivation, material deprivation without severe poverty, and no severe poverty. Three types of poverty status were identified in EU countries: persistent conspicuous poverty, transient unnoticeable poverty and no severe poverty. Central and Eastern European countries (especially Romania, Latvia, Bulgaria and Poland) witnessed a clear improvement in their statuses in 2010–2018. A large number of countries had a transient unnoticeable poverty status. In turn, no countries had experienced a clear deterioration their status. Eurostat data provided an empirical basis for this study. Classification-JEL: I32, P46, C10 Keywords: poverty, material deprivation, poverty status, positional TOPSIS, bilinear ordering Journal: International Journal of Economic Sciences Pages: 146-160 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Year: 2022 Month: April File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116999 File-URL: https://eurrec.org/RePec/aop/jijoes/0080ES.rdf116999?download=9 Handle: RePEc:aop:jijoes:v:11:y:2022:i:1:p:146-160